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Kirsti Midttømme, Geological Survey of Norway (Norway)
Randi Ramstad, Geological Survey of Norway (Norway)
Joern Stene, Sintef Energy Research (Norway)
Helge Skarphagen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (Norway)
Bjoern Borgenes, Geoenergi AS (Norway)
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According to the world update given at the World Geothermal Congress in 2005. Sweden and Iceland are on the "top five list" of direct use of geothermal energy and Denmark and Norway have the largest increase in geothermal energy use over the past five years.
The total energy use from geothermal energy in Norway is 1.5 TWh. The majority are Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) installations with indirect closed-loop systems utilizing vertical boreholes in crystalline rock as the heat source. There are in total about 15 000 GSHP installations, including 250 medium and large capacity systems for non-residential buildings or multi-family dwellings. About 30 % of the medium and large GSHP installations are Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) systems providing both heating and cooling to the building. Nydalen Nringspark and Akershus University hospital, the two largest borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) systems in Europe, have been established recently. They use a total 180 boreholes of 200-270 m depth and 228 boreholes of 200m depth respectively.. The largest geothermal installation, with an installed heating capacity of 8 MW, is the aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system at Oslo's Gardermoen airport. A GSHP with 18 filter wells to 45 m depth are incorporated in the airport's heating and cooling system.
At present no electrical power or direct heat is produced from deep geothermal resources in Norway. In 1999 an attempt was made to develop a 2 MW Hot Dry Rock pilot plant in Oslo, but it failed due to technical reasons. There are ongoing activities to develop and improve the drilling technique for deep geothermal boreholes, and some of these will be tested this year.
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