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MRD-04 Giant ore deposits

Giant mineral deposits of Kazakhstan: Geological and geodynamic setting, evolution in time

Mikhail Rafailovich, Scientific Institute of Natural Resources Yuggeo (Kazakhstan)
Bulat Yzhkenov, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Kazakhstan)
Oleg Fedorenko, Scientific Institute of Natural Resources Yuggeo (Kazakhstan)
Alex Smirnov, Scientific Institute of Natural Resources Yuggeo (Kazakhstan)
Boris Dyachkov, Earst-Kazakhstan State University (Kazakhstan)
 

Kazakhstan giant deposits (GD) have the concrete geodynamic and structural position, specific mineral content. Chronological evolution of Kazakhstan GD appears as follows: Early-Middle Cambrian - V, P, technical diamonds; Early Ordovician - Cr; Late Ordovician - Au; Devonian - Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, Fe, Mn, Sn, U; Carboniferous - Fe, Au, Cu, W, Mo; Early Permian - W; Late Cretaceous - Fe, Al; Paleogene-Quaternary time - Fe, U.
Maximum productive epochs are: Cambrian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Mesozoic-Cenozoic.
Typical Early Paleozoic GD are as following: for Cambrian epoch - phosphorite and vanadium-bearing schists (passive margin of Kazakhstan paleocontinent), Kumdykol deposit of technical diamonds (Cambrian subbuction in Northern Kazakhstan), for O_1-2 epoch - superlarge chromite deposits of magmatogenic origin (spreading zone of Kempirsay region).
Gold-silver-pyritaceous-polymetallic GD (Ridder-Sokolnoye, D_1-2) and skarn-magnetite objects (Sokolovskoye, Sarbayskoye, C₁) are located in ensialic island arches (Rudno-Altayskaya, Valerianovskaya).
Pribalkhash-Ili Late Paleozoic volcanic-plutonic belt concentrates classical gold-copper-porphyry and copper-porphyry deposits (Aktogay, Kounrad, C_1-2).
The Central Kazakhstan hydrothermal-sedimentary polymetallic GD (Zhayrem, D3fm) and Fe-Mn objects (Western Karazhal, D3fm) are located in the continental riftogene structures, composed by carboniferous-terrigenous-carbonaceous and argillaceous-siliceous-carbonaceous sediments.
Collision geodynamic settings and corresponding to them the giant mesothermal ore-magmatic systems appeared with frequency of 40-60 million years in O₃, D_1-2, D₃, C₃ and P₁ periods. As a result of injection of Late Ordovician and Devonian intrusions into Vendian black shale stratum, Vasilkovskoye (Au), Syrymbet (Sn), Kosachinoye (U) GD were generated in Kokshetau region.
Late Paleozoic collision formations are subdivided into gold and rare-metal types. Bakyrchik giant gold deposit of "black shale" type is related to diorite-granodiorite-plagiogranite Kunush complex of C₃ age in Western Kalba. Akchatau C₃ and Kuin P₁ granite-leucocratic complexes in Central Kazakhstan region control the veined and stockwork W-Mo and W-Mo-Bi GD (Koktenkol, Karaoba).
Intracontinental geodynamic settings complete the Wilson's cycle in Kazakhstan. The most productive minerogenic epoches are: C₂ - cupriferous sandstones (Zhezkazgan), K₂ - bauxites (Krasnooktyabrskoye), Fe (Ayatskoye), Paleogene-Quaternary time - Fe (Lisakovskoye), U (Inkay, Melovoye). Mineral deposits of near-surface exogenic origin (lacustrine-swampy, karst, crust) predominate in Mz-Kz time.
Many GD of precious and nonferrous metals were generated during riftogene, subduction and collision stages, with repeated redistribution of chemical elements and combined activity of several ore substance sources (sedimentary-chemogenic, hydrothermal-metamorphogene, fluid-magmatogene).